When Your Favorite Coworker Isn't At Work, Curebase Clinical Research Coordinator Salary, Sandbox Owner Operator Jobs In Texas, Where Is Henry Hearns Now 2021, Articles W

Sensory receptors in the utricle detect the position of the: __________ occurs when impulses from an organ are perceived as originating from the skin. There are three classes of mechanoreceptors: tactile, proprioceptors, and baroreceptors. Merkels disks (shown in Figure2) are found in the upper layers of skin near the base of the epidermis, both in skin that has hair and on glabrous skin, that is, the hairless skin found on the palms and fingers, the soles of the feet, and the lips of humans and other primates. *Stapes An interoceptor is one that detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the receptors that sense the increase in blood pressure in the aorta or carotid sinus. The general senses can be divided into somatosensation, which is commonly considered touch, but includes tactile, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain perception. For example, have you ever stretched your muscles before or after exercise and noticed that you can only stretch so far before your muscles spasm back to a less stretched state? d. It dissociates G-proteins. d. Dopamine, a. hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane, When you travel in an elevator (which moves linearly in space), the ___________ detect when the elevator is accelerating or decelerating. Meissners corpuscles extend into the lower dermis. Order the layers of the eye from superficial to deep. In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ________ of the eye. Treated with concave lens. c. vestibule The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Qualitative Evaluation of Intracranial Pressure Slopes in Patients Undergoing Brain Death Protocol. These receptors include Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini corpuscles. c - Inferior colliculus Thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperature changes, and photoreceptors are sensitive to light energy. They are slow to adjust to a stimulus and so are less sensitive to abrupt changes in stimulation. Treated with convex lens. d. tympanic membrane. Merkels disks and Meissners corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. a. Lacrimal gland The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a neuron that has a free nerve ending(dendrites) embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation; (2) a neuron that has anencapsulated ending in which the dendrites are encapsulated in connective tissue that enhances their sensitivity; or (3) a specialized receptor cell, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus (Figure 13.1.1). b. Pinna Fill in the blanks. Electrical sensors and stimulators can help quadriplegic victims flex their limbs. Perception is the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern involving awareness. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. The receptive fields of Merkels disks are small, with well-defined borders. These receptors transmit information along the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) to the central nervous system. Vibrations in the perilymph move the: a. tympanic membrane b. basilar membrane c. tectorial membrane d. stapes; What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin? Graded potentials in free and encapsulated nerve endings are called generator potentials. ; baroreceptor: A nerve ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure. Air that initially occupies 0.140 m at a gauge pressure of 103.0 kPa is expanded isothermally to a pressure of 101.3 kPa and then cooled at constant pressure until it reaches its initial volume. Three ways to classify receptors 1. type of stimulus 2. body location 3. structural complexity Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch Theremoreceptors sensitive to changes in temperature Photoreceptors respond to light energy (retina) Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) Merkel's disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. What type of receptor monitors changes in position? An individual sensory modality represents the sensation of a specific type of stimulus. It is not surprising, then, that humans detect cold stimuli before they detect warm stimuli. Cutaneous receptors are a type of __________. 6 - Hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted. -Epiglottis, a. Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas, Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma? The __________ ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lense. Can a mri detect a blood clot? *Saccule If two points are felt as two separate points, each is in the receptive field of two separate sensory receptors. The central integration may then lead to a motor response. However, these are not all of the senses. These include receptors for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors that are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O 2, pH, and osmolality. 1. e. stapes. 7 - Scala tympani This table shows that there are five basic types of sensory receptors: (1) mechanorecep-tors, which detect mechanical compression or stretching of the receptor or of tissues adjacent to the receptor; (2) thermoreceptors, which detect changes in temperature, some receptors detecting cold and others warmth; (3) nociceptors (pain receptors), which c. Optic chiasm In this chapter we will discuss the general senses which include pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception. - Utricle. : c. Malleus They are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings, and they respond to light touch. The somatosensory is the system of nerve cells that responds to changes to the external or internal state of the body. An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord may result in quadriplegia, or paralysis of both upper and lower limbs. Is it possible to whirl a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle so that the water won't fall out? a. bony and membranous labyrinths. has no output arguments. What causes Trachoma, a type of conjunctivitis? The pathways between sensory receptors and SI are modality specific and are anatomically and electrophysiologically distinct. . Ruffini endings are encapsulated mechanoreceptors. Paraplegia, paralysis of both lower limbs, is caused by an injury lower on the spinal column. 2 - Sound waves are amplified due to movement by the auditory ossicles. Light touch is transduced by the encapsulated endings known as tactile (Meissners) corpuscles. This function Which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels? Using an allowable stress of 9MPa9 \mathrm{~MPa}9MPa for the concrete and 120MPa120 \mathrm{~MPa}120MPa for the steel, determine the largest allowable positive bending moment in a portion of the slab 1m1 \mathrm{~m}1m wide. Which cells of the dermis detect pressure? Compute the work done by the air. Interoceptors are also called __________ receptors. 4. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. 2) Vascular tunic -Choroid b. The structural classifications are either based on the anatomy of the cell that is interacting with the stimulus (free nerve endings, encapsulated endings, or specialized receptor cell), or where the cell is located relative to the stimulus (interoceptor, exteroceptor, proprioceptor). They contain mechanically gated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to pressure, touch, stretching, and sound. There are four primary tactile mechanoreceptors in human skin: Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscle; two are located toward the surface of the skin and two are located deeper. f. Ganglion cell, 1. An MRI can provide images of your veins that may show if a blood clot has formed. 4. Proprioceptive and kinesthetic signals come from limbs. They are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. The lacrimal caruncle is on the __________ side of the eye. What is the margin between the photosensitive and nonphotosensitive regions of the retina called? Myopia Bulbous corpuscles are also present in joint capsules, where they measure stretch in the components of the skeletal system within the joint. E-Book Overview INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE, 3E provides learners with an easy-to-read foundation in the profession of health care. b. gets higher. Asama, Japan, is an active volcano. b. Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly? c. Nasal cavity Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors and perceived as touch or proprioception. The receptors of most sensory systems are located in specialized sensory receptor organs (e.g., the photoreceptors in the eye and the auditory and vestibular hair cells in the inner ear) or within a restricted part of the body (e.g., the taste buds in the mouth and the olfactory receptors in the olfactory mucosa of the nose). Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli and are the basis for olfaction and gustation. What lobe of the brain processes auditory information? (Gauge pressure is the difference between the actual pressure and atmospheric pressure.). Meissner corpuscles in the fingertips, such as the one viewed here using bright field light microscopy, allow for touch discrimination of fine detail. Thirdly, the functional classification is based on how the cell transduces the stimulus into a neural signal. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. c. Hyperopia The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. For example, the sensation of pain or heat associated with spicy foods involves capsaicin, the active molecule in hot peppers. Pacinian corpuscles detect transient pressure and high-frequency vibration. These two modalities use thermoreceptors and nociceptors to transduce temperature and pain stimuli, respectively. Mechanoreceiving free nerve endings detect touch, pressure, and stretching. 3. 4 - The vestibular membrane begins to vibrate. assuming that the spacing of the 16mm16-\mathrm{mm}16mm-diameter rods is increased to 225mm225 \mathrm{~mm}225mm on centers. They are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings, which respond to light touch. End bulbs c. Bulbous corpuscles d. Tactile corpuscles b. somatic sensory receptor. -Sclera 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. Ruffini endings also detect warmth. : *Pinna outer Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? Tags: Question 21 . Graded potentials in receptor cells are called receptor potentials. It is relatively thin, is composed of keratin-filled cells, and has no blood supply. Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. These graded potentialscause neurotransmitter to be released onto a sensory neuron causing a graded post-synaptic potential. a. stimuli which is a type of tonic receptor that detects both continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin? . These are slow-adapting, encapsulated mechanoreceptors that detect skin stretch and deformations within joints; they provide valuable feedback for gripping objects and controlling finger position and movement. d. semicircular ducts. b. Membranous labyrinth -Cornea b. Pigmented layer of retina rationale: Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch. The sweetener known as stevia can replace glucose in food. d. outer hair cells of the spiral organ b. sensations. Vitreous humor, anterior chamber, lens, pupil, posterior chamber, vascular tunic, cornea, retina. e. Cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) 4. endolymph of cochlear duct If so, what is the minimum speed? The Slowly Adapting type 2 (SA2) mechanoreceptors, with the Ruffini corpuscle end-organ (also known as the bulbous corpuscles ), detect tension deep in the skin and fascia and respond to skin stretch, but have not been closely linked to either proprioceptive or mechanoreceptive roles in perception. 1) Fibrous tunic e. Tectorial membrane, Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear? The input arguments are vectors David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. Golgi tendon organs similarly transduce the stretch levels of tendons. d. Axons of glanglion cells from the retina of the left eye, Which disorder of refraction is corrected with a concave lens? Such stretch receptors can also prevent over-contraction of a muscle. *Vestibular - Foliate - Neural layer of the retina The modulus of elasticity is 20GPa20 \mathrm{~GPa}20GPa for the concrete and 200GPa200 \mathrm{~GPa}200GPa for the steel. 4) Bipolar cells. That makes them finely sensitive to edges and they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. Hence, correlation and prediction of biococentration factors (BCFs) based on max and vibration frequencies of various bonds viz (C-H) and (C=C) of biphenyl and its fifty-seven derivatives have been made. f - Superior olivary nucleus Which terms indicate a receptor type that is classified by its modality of stimulus? Stretching of the skin is transduced by stretch receptors known as bulbous corpuscles. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. These nerve endings detect the movement of hair at the surface of the skin, such as when an insect may be walking along the skin. Ruffini's end organs detect tension deep in the skin. A detached retina is caused by a separation between which two layers? This is because Somatosensation occurs all over the exterior of the body and at some interior locations as well. General senses often contribute to the sense of touch, as described above, or to proprioception (body position) and kinesthesia (body movement), or to a visceral sense, which is most important to autonomic functions. of the following EXCEPT a the sensation of pain b. the sensation of itch c the sensation of touch d the sensation of vibration 28. They will respond to the stimulus as long as it persists, and produce a continuous frequency of action potentials. -Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx 6. perilymph of scala tympani c. Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons. d. Lacrimal punctum d. Stapes, 5. oval window Some stimuli are ions and macromolecules that affect transmembrane receptor proteins by binding or by directly diffusing across the cell membrane. (a) To explain how to cure paralysis, (b) To persuade people to wear helmets, (c) To describe the effects of spinal injuries, (d) To describe different types of paralysis.